Osteoporosis

 

Osteoporosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

Osteoporosis is a medical condition that causes bones to lose their density and strength, making them fragile and more likely to fracture. Even minor falls or simple daily activities can result in fractures, most commonly in the hip, wrist, or spine. Although it can occur at any age, osteoporosis is more common among older adults and is especially prevalent in women.

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Osteoporosis and Gender Differences

Both men and women are at risk of osteoporosis, but women are more vulnerable, particularly after menopause due to the sudden drop in estrogen levels. With aging, the body breaks down bone faster than it rebuilds it, causing a decline in bone mass. Additionally, the supportive connective tissues and muscles that stabilize joints also weaken over time.

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Symptoms of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis often develops silently without noticeable symptoms until a fracture occurs. However, some warning signs include:

• Weak grip strength

• Gradual loss of height over time

• Lower back pain due to vertebral fractures

• Bones that break more easily than expected

• Bone fragility and thinning

• Joint stiffness

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Complications of Osteoporosis

If left untreated, osteoporosis may cause serious health problems, such as:

• Frequent fractures, especially in the spine and hips

• Vertebral compression fractures leading to severe pain and deformity

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Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing osteoporosis, including:

• Advancing age

• Sedentary lifestyle

• Early menopause

• Family history of osteoporosis

• Thyroid disorders

• Gastrointestinal surgeries

• Chronic kidney or liver disease

• Cancer

• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Excessive alcohol consumption

• Smoking

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Prevention of Osteoporosis

Maintaining strong bones is possible through lifestyle and dietary changes. Preventive measures include:

• Adequate calcium intake: about 1000 mg per day

• Calcium-rich foods: dairy products, leafy green vegetables, salmon, sardines, and tofu

• Regular exercise: weight-bearing and resistance training

• Quit smoking and limit alcohol intake

• Dietary supplements: calcium and vitamin D, under medical supervision

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Diagnosis of Osteoporosis

Doctors may recommend:

• Bone density tests (DEXA scan)

• Blood tests to measure calcium and vitamin D levels

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When to See a Doctor

You should consult a healthcare provider if:

• You have been taking corticosteroid medications for several months

• You have a family history of osteoporosis

• You notice early warning signs such as frequent fractures or loss of height

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