Depression

 

What Is Depression?

Depression is a common mental health disorder that differs from normal mood swings or temporary emotional reactions to everyday challenges. It involves persistent sadness, loss of interest, and difficulty performing daily activities. Depression can affect every aspect of life — including personal relationships, work, and social connections.

Depressive episodes are not just temporary mood changes; they usually last most of the day and persist for weeks or months. Anyone can develop depression, but the risk increases for individuals who have faced trauma, abuse, or difficult life experiences. Women are more likely to experience depression than men, and over 10% of pregnant or postpartum women suffer from it.

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Causes of Depression

• Biological differences in brain structure and function

• Changes in brain neurotransmitters

• Substance or alcohol abuse

• Traumatic life events

• Chronic illnesses such as Parkinson’s disease or cancer

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Common Symptoms

• Persistent low mood

• Feelings of hopelessness, sadness, or irritability

• Poor concentration and memory problems

• Feelings of guilt or worthlessness

• Low self-esteem

• Thoughts of death or suicide

• Sleep disturbances (insomnia or oversleeping)

• Loss of appetite or significant weight changes

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Types and Severity of Depression

• Mild Depression: Can often be managed with emotional support and therapy.

• Moderate to Severe Depression: Requires medication and psychological treatment.

• Seasonal Depression: Occurs during specific times of the year, typically in winter.

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Diagnosis

There is no single test that confirms depression. However, medical professionals may use blood tests to check for hormonal or vitamin imbalances, such as thyroid disorders or vitamin deficiencies. Drug screenings may also be conducted to rule out substance-related causes. In some cases, a sleep study (polysomnography) helps distinguish between depression and sleep disorders.

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Treatment Options

Effective treatments for depression include:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) – Helps patients change negative thought patterns.

• Antidepressant Medications – Improve brain chemistry and stabilize mood.

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When to See a Doctor

If you experience any of the above symptoms or have thoughts of self-harm or suicide, seek professional help immediately. Make an appointment with a doctor or mental health specialist, or call your local emergency or mental health hotline.
In Egypt, you can contact the Mental Health Hotline 16328 for confidential support.